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100 <h1>Using arrays in bash</h1>
101 <p class="byline">by <a href="http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Vincent Danen.html">Vincent Danen</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;Aug 08, 2005 7:00:00 AM</p>
102
103 <p class="tags"><b>Tags:</b> <a href="http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Linux.html">Linux</a>, <a href="http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Vincent Danen.html">Vincent Danen</a>, <a href="http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Foo.html">Foo</a>, <a href="http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Linux Tips Newsletter.html">Linux Tips Newsletter</a> </p>
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237 <p class="takeaway"><b>Takeaway:</b> Learn two ways two declare an array in bash in this Linux tip.</p>
238
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248 <p>Assigning variables in bash is easily done and extremely
249 useful, but like other programming languages, bash can also use arrays. This is
250 particularly handy when you want to read the contents of a file into an array or
251 simply keep your scripts more organized and logical.</p>
252
253 <p>There are two ways of declaring an array:</p>
254
255 <pre>&lt;code&gt;<br>declare -a FOO<br>&lt;/code&gt;</pre>
256
257 <p>This creates an empty array called FOO. You can also declare
258 an array by assigning values to it:</p>
259
260 <pre>&lt;code&gt;<br>FOO[2] = 'bar'<br>&lt;/codE&gt;</pre>
261
262 <p>This assigns the third element of the array to the value
263 'bar'. In this instance, FOO[0] and FOO[1] are also
264 created, but their values are empty.</p>
265
266 <p>To populate an array, use:</p>
267
268 <pre>&lt;code&gt;<br>FOO=( bar string 'some text' )<br>&lt;/code&gt;</pre>
269
270 <p>This assigns the first element (FOO[0])
271 to 'bar', the second (FOO[1]) to 'string' and the final element (FOO[3]) to
272 'some text'. Notice that the array elements are separated by a blank space, so
273 if a value contains white spaces it must be quoted.</p>
274
275 <p>To use an array, it is referred to as $FOO[2]
276 but it also needs to be surrounded in curly braces, otherwise bash will not
277 expand it correctly:</p>
278
279 <pre>&lt;code&gt;<br>$ echo {$FOO[2]}<br>some text<br>&lt;/code&gt;</pre>
280
281 <p>To loop through an array, you can use a piece of shell code
282 like the following:</p>
283
284 <pre>&lt;code&gt;<br>
285 #!/bin/sh</pre><pre>FOO=( bar string 'some text')<br>foonum=${#FOO}<br>
286 for ((i=0;i&lt;$foonum;i++)); do<br>   echo ${FOO[${i}]}</pre><pre>done<br>&lt;/code&gt;</pre>
287
288 <p>Here we loop through each item of the array and print out its
289 value. Each array element is accessed by number, so we use the special variable
290 ${#FOO} which gives the number of elements in the array (in the above case, it
291 would return the number 3). That value is then used in the <i>for</i> loop to determine how many
292 times to loop. By accessing the array in this manner, you can easily generate
293 arrays from external data or command-line arguments, and process each element
294 one at a time.</p>
295
296 <p><i>Delivered each Tuesday, TechRepublic's free Linux NetNote provides tips, articles, and other resources to help you hone your Linux skills. <a href="http://nl.com.com/MiniFormHandler?brand=techrepublic&list_id=e011">Automatically sign up today!</a></i></p>
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540 <h2><span>TechRepublic </span>Featured Jobs</h2>
541
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545 <th>Posted</th>
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549 <td><a href="http://dw.com.com/redir?siteid=11&tag=pos1&desturl=http://techrepublic.simplyhired.com/a/jobs/view/jobkey-366a25ebc777d8842a6d72de52dfa14cc53d82/hits-20295&part=simplyhired.com&subj=Help+Desk+Support">Help Desk Support</a>Lake Forest, CA</td>
550 <td>01/08/2008</td>
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556 <td>01/02/2008</td>
557 </tr>
558
559
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562 <td>01/11/2008</td>
563 </tr>
564
565
566 <tr>
567 <td><a href="http://dw.com.com/redir?siteid=11&tag=pos1&desturl=http://techrepublic.simplyhired.com/a/jobs/view/jobkey-5235.877788387ed9d556d065dc81d276f34f/hits-20295&part=simplyhired.com&subj=Help+Desk">Help Desk</a>Houston, TX</td>
568 <td>11/07/2007</td>
569 </tr>
570
571
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590 <h2>White Papers</h2>
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592 <!-- MAC ad --><ul id="rubics">
593 <li><a target="_top" href="http://dw.com.com/rubicsclk?ver=2&ts=2008.01.13.18.23.45&edId=87&onId=10878&ptId=2415&sId=11&appId=4&offId=1650&unitId=10&poolId=3&f1=11&f2=%2d0&f3=%2d0&alg=3&&opt=1&linkPos=1&destUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwhitepapers.techrepublic.com.com%2Fabstract.aspx%3Fdocid%3D102740%26promo%3D100503">VoIP: A Big Success for Mainstream Manufacturer</a> <cite>ShoreTel</cite></li>
594 <li><a target="_top" href="http://dw.com.com/rubicsclk?ver=2&ts=2008.01.13.18.23.45&edId=87&onId=10878&ptId=2415&sId=11&appId=4&offId=1648&unitId=10&poolId=3&f1=11&f2=%2d0&f3=%2d0&alg=3&&opt=1&linkPos=2&destUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwhitepapers.techrepublic.com.com%2Fabstract.aspx%3Fdocid%3D102793%26promo%3D100503">Voice over IP Manageability: Architecture Matters</a> <cite>ShoreTel</cite></li>
595 <li><a target="_top" href="http://dw.com.com/rubicsclk?ver=2&ts=2008.01.13.18.23.45&edId=87&onId=10878&ptId=2415&sId=11&appId=4&offId=92&unitId=10&poolId=3&f1=11&f2=%2d0&f3=%2d0&alg=3&&opt=1&linkPos=3&destUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwhitepapers.techrepublic.com.com%2Fabstract.aspx%3Fdocid%3D149044%26promo%3D100503">InfoTech Report - Strategies for IP Telephony Evaluation and Migration</a> <cite>ShoreTel</cite></li>
596 <li><a target="_top" href="http://dw.com.com/rubicsclk?ver=2&ts=2008.01.13.18.23.45&edId=87&onId=10878&ptId=2415&sId=11&appId=4&offId=952&unitId=10&poolId=3&f1=11&f2=%2d0&f3=%2d0&alg=3&&opt=1&linkPos=4&destUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwhitepapers.techrepublic.com.com%2Fabstract.aspx%3Fdocid%3D176363%26promo%3D100503">VoIP: Enhancing Customer Responsiveness and Employee Productivity at NORPAC Foods</a> <cite>ShoreTel</cite></li>
597 <li><a target="_top" href="http://dw.com.com/rubicsclk?ver=2&ts=2008.01.13.18.23.45&edId=87&onId=10878&ptId=2415&sId=11&appId=4&offId=1675&unitId=10&poolId=3&f1=11&f2=%2d0&f3=%2d0&alg=3&&opt=1&linkPos=5&destUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwhitepapers.techrepublic.com.com%2Fabstract.aspx%3Fdocid%3D269636%26promo%3D100503">The Education Sector Rates Importance of IP Telephony Features, Management and Applications</a> <cite>ShoreTel</cite></li>
598 <li><a target="_top" href="http://dw.com.com/rubicsclk?ver=2&ts=2008.01.13.18.23.45&edId=87&onId=10878&ptId=2415&sId=11&appId=4&offId=870&unitId=10&poolId=3&f1=11&f2=%2d0&f3=%2d0&alg=3&&opt=1&linkPos=6&destUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwhitepapers.techrepublic.com.com%2Fabstract.aspx%3Fdocid%3D170126%26promo%3D100503">Keeping Pace with Expansion through Voice Services</a> <cite>ShoreTel</cite></li>
599 <img src='http://dw.com.com/rubicsimp/c.gif?ver=2&ts=2008.01.13.18.23.45&edId=87&onId=10878&ptId=2415&sId=11&appId=4&unitId=10&poolId=3&f1=11&f2=%2d0&f3=%2d0&alg=3&opt=1&off=1650,-1;1648,-1;92,-1;952,-1;1675,-1;870,-1' height='1' width='1' alt=''/>
600 </ul>
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664 <a href="http://adlog.com.com/adlog/c/r=9108&s=774121&o=1035:&h=cn&p=2&b=9&l=en_US&site=11&pt=5100&nd=1035&pid=&cid=5820685&pp=100&e=87&rqid=01c17-ad-e9476E46E712285E10&orh=www.google.com&oepartner=&epartner=&cpnmodule=&count=&ra=213.220.241.158&t=2008.01.14.02.23.42/http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=hs.bestbuy.ppthreats&destUrl=http://news.zdnet.com/2422-13569_22-176090.html"><img width="125" height="50" src="http://i.i.com.com/cnwk.1d/Ads/1451/12/hs-header-125x50.gif"/></a>
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666 <li class="noBd img">
667 <a href="http://adlog.com.com/adlog/c/r=9108&s=774121&o=1035:&h=cn&p=2&b=9&l=en_US&site=11&pt=5100&nd=1035&pid=&cid=5820685&pp=100&e=87&rqid=01c17-ad-e9476E46E712285E10&orh=www.google.com&oepartner=&epartner=&cpnmodule=&count=&ra=213.220.241.158&t=2008.01.14.02.23.42/http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=hs.bestbuy.ppthreats&destUrl=http://news.zdnet.com/2422-13569_22-176090.html"><img width="97" height="72" alt="Getting Hooked" src="http://i.i.com.com/cnwk.1d/Ads/1451/12/176091-96-72.jpg"/></a>
668 </li>
669
670 <li class="yesBd">
671 <span><a href="http://adlog.com.com/adlog/c/r=9108&s=774121&o=1035:&h=cn&p=2&b=9&l=en_US&site=11&pt=5100&nd=1035&pid=&cid=5820685&pp=100&e=87&rqid=01c17-ad-e9476E46E712285E10&orh=www.google.com&oepartner=&epartner=&cpnmodule=&count=&ra=213.220.241.158&t=2008.01.14.02.23.42/http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=hs.bestbuy.ppthreats&destUrl=http://news.zdnet.com/2422-13569_22-176090.html">Getting hooked: Phishing, pharming and online threats </a></span>
672 Agent Peterson of the Geek Squad offers some tips on how to protect yourself from viruses and spyware.
673 <span><a href="http://adlog.com.com/adlog/c/r=9108&s=774121&o=1035:&h=cn&p=2&b=9&l=en_US&site=11&pt=5100&nd=1035&pid=&cid=5820685&pp=100&e=87&rqid=01c17-ad-e9476E46E712285E10&orh=www.google.com&oepartner=&epartner=&cpnmodule=&count=&ra=213.220.241.158&t=2008.01.14.02.23.42/http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=hs.bestbuy.ppthreats&destUrl=http://news.zdnet.com/2422-13569_22-176090.html" class="normal">Watch the ZDNet Whiteboard video &raquo;</a></span>
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676 Photos: Ten views of Leopard
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